Kerala, renowned for its scenic beauty and progressive social indicators, harbors a nuanced landscape of gender diversity. With a male-female ratio of 1.084 and a literacy rate of over 96%, the state sets a compelling stage for exploring the intricate tapestry of gender dynamics within its society.
Kerala’s unique socio-cultural landscape has fostered an environment where women historically enjoyed a distinct advantage, creating a legacy of matriarchal influence.
The matrilineal system, prevalent in certain communities, was a defining feature of Kerala’s social fabric for centuries. Historically, women in Kerala held property rights, and lineage was traced through the maternal side. This matriarchal tradition, primarily found among communities like the Nairs, provided women with a level of autonomy and economic independence uncommon in many other parts of India.
The concept of the ‘Marumakkathayam’ system, where property and wealth passed through the female line, contributed to a more equitable distribution of resources within families. While the matrilineal system has evolved over time, with changing societal norms and legal frameworks, its historical existence highlights that Kerala has been a region where women have wielded influence and enjoyed a unique advantage in terms of social standing and property rights.
Kerala’s cultural and historical narrative is intricately woven with tales of empowered women challenging stereotypes. From the iconic figure of Kannagi, who exemplifies resilience and justice in the Tamil epic “Silappatikaram,” to the Attukal Pongala Festival, recognized by Guinness World Records for being the largest gathering of women in a religious activity, Kerala’s women have symbolized collective strength and devotion.
Figures like Arakkal Beevi, the Queen of Cannanore, defied traditional gender roles, while Nangeli’s resistance against the oppressive Mulakkaram tax remains a poignant symbol of defiance. Anna Chandy from Trivandrum was the first woman High Court judge in India and the first woman judge in the Anglo-Saxon world.
In folklore, Kadamattathu Kathanar, a legendary folk healer, challenges gender norms by transforming into a woman during healing rituals, emphasizing the recognition of feminine energy. Another notable example of how Kerala’s cultural ethos venerates women is evident in the worship of numerous goddesses, highlighting a deep reverence for femininity within the state’s spiritual fabric. These stories collectively underscore the enduring tradition of women’s empowerment in Kerala, shaping the state’s cultural and historical identity.
This historical context has undoubtedly played a role in shaping Kerala’s contemporary commitment to gender equality and women’s empowerment.
Let’s examine the ways in which the state has endeavored to create a more equitable environment for women:
- Educational Attainment -Kerala boasts a remarkable achievement in gender parity in education. According to the Census of India 2011, the literacy rate in the state is 94%, with 96.1% for males and 92.1% for females. The wide gender gap in literacy has been steadily narrowing over the years, emphasizing the state’s commitment to providing equal educational opportunities for both genders. The emphasis on education has not only empowered women but has also resulted in a more informed and progressive society.
- Workforce Participation -Kerala boasts a relatively high workforce participation rate for women compared to many other Indian states. According to the World Bank’s data, the female labor force participation rate in Kerala was approximately 35% in 2020, which is significantly higher than the national average.The state’s strong focus on education has translated into a more educated and skilled female workforce. The state not only produces high quality talent, but manages to retain it as well, as proven by the India Skills Report 2024, which revealed that Kochi was a the top choice of location for female employment seekers. Additionally, Kerala’s social fabric, characterized by a relatively progressive attitude, has contributed to a greater acceptance of women in the workforce across various sectors.
- Political Representation -Political empowerment is a crucial aspect of gender diversity, and Kerala has made strides in ensuring women’s participation in the political sphere. The Kerala Panchayati Raj Bill 2009 and Kerala Municipality Bill 2009 ensured reservation of 50 per cent seats in local bodies for women. As of 2022, women in Kerala hold a substantial number of seats in local bodies, with over 55% representation in panchayats and municipalities, according to the State Election Commission.Moreover, Kerala has seen the appointment of women to key political positions, exemplified by the presence of women in ministerial roles and as Members of Parliament. Most notably, K.K Shailaja, lead the state through an outbreak of the Nipah virus in Kozhikode and through the COVID-19 pandemic so efficiently that she garnered global recognition for her work.
- Healthcare Access -The state’s commitment to gender diversity extends to healthcare, with Kerala consistently ranking high in health indicators. According to the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) data, the maternal mortality rate in Kerala is considerably lower than the national average. This can be attributed to the widespread availability of healthcare facilities and the state’s focus on maternal and child health.Additionally, Kerala has always valued female children, as opposed to several other states in the country – the sex ratio in Kerala stands at 1,084 females for every 1,000 males, a marked improvement compared to the national average.
- Women’s Empowerment Initiatives -Several government and non-governmental initiatives in Kerala are specifically designed to empower women economically, socially, and politically. The Kudumbashree Mission, launched in 1998, is one such initiative that has played a pivotal role in women’s empowerment. It is the world’s largest women’s network and focuses on poverty eradication through women’s self-help groups, providing them with opportunities for skill development and entrepreneurship. As of September 2023, Kudumbashree has 3,16,860 neighborhood groups, with a total membership of 4.6 million women.Furthermore, the Nirbhaya Kerala Project, aimed at ensuring the safety and security of women, has been instrumental in creating a safer environment for women across the state. These initiatives underscore Kerala’s commitment to fostering an inclusive and gender-diverse society.
- Transgender Rights and Inclusivity -Gender diversity goes beyond the binary concept of male and female, and Kerala has made commendable strides in recognizing and protecting the rights of the transgender community.The state government was the first in the country to introduce policies and initiatives to ensure inclusivity with the State Policy for Transgenders in 2015. The state has several schemes and financial aid options for members of the community including provisions for vocational training, self-employment assistance, marriage assistance, aid for sex reassignment surgery, scholarships for transgender students and a 24X7 telephone helpline.
- Entrepreneurial Spirit -Kerala’s women have demonstrated a remarkable entrepreneurial spirit, taking charge of their economic destinies. Initiatives like the Kudumbashree project have led to financial independence and social empowerment. Women across the state have ventured into businesses, challenging stereotypes that confined them to domestic roles and contributing to the economic vibrancy of Kerala.The state government’s “Year of Enterprises” project in 2023 witnessed over one lakh new businesses being registered in the state in just eight months, out of which 35,000 of them were launched by women.
- Cultural Contributions -Kerala’s cultural landscape has been significantly influenced by women who have broken free from traditional molds. From artists and writers to performers and activists, women have played a pivotal role in shaping Kerala’s cultural narrative. Renowned female writers like Kamala Surayya (Madhavikutty) and cultural icons like K.R. Gowri Amma have left an indelible mark, challenged stereotypes and redefined the cultural ethos of the state.More recently, figures like Mrinalini Sarabhai, Arundhati Roy and Sara Joseph have contributed to the cultural landscape on a global stage, drawing Kerala to the limelight as a place where women thrive.
- Social Activism and Advocacy -Women in Kerala have been at the forefront of social activism and advocacy, championing causes ranging from gender equality to environmental sustainability. Organizations led by women have actively challenged societal norms and worked towards creating a more inclusive and equitable society. Their relentless efforts have not only challenged stereotypes but have also inspired a new generation of women to actively engage in social change. As we navigate the rich tapestry of Kerala’s gender dynamics, it becomes apparent that the state’s success lies not just in statistics but in the stories of individuals who have shattered glass ceilings, challenged traditions, and contributed to a cultural narrative where women thrive. Kerala’s gender-inclusive journey is not merely a statistical achievement; it is a testament to the spirit of resilience, progress, and collective empowerment shaping the destiny of tomorrow.Let us work together to continue creating a society where inclusivity is valued, and every woman is free to pursue her dreams fearlessly.